In This Issue:

• Breaking Science
• In The News
• Do You Know?
• Commentary
• Events and Presentations
• Core Truths
• The Art of Giving - Last minute gift ideas for ORGANIC DADS!
• Join Mission Organic
• About THE SCOOP
• About The Organic Center

Organic Production Increases Antioxidant Levels and Sensory Quality of Mandarin Orange Juice

Spain is the second leading producer in the world of mandarin oranges, and the main supplier of mandarin oranges and juice moving through international markets. A team of Spanish scientists grew conventional and organic oranges on the same farm, using the same irrigation methods and variety of tree. The study was carefully designed to eliminate or control other sources of variation in the nutrient and sensory quality parameters addressed by the team.

The conventional blocks of oranges were treated with up to nine herbicides and four insecticides. Weeds were controlled in the organic trees with cultivation, and insects were controlled with neem oil and pheromone traps.

Interestingly, the team reported few differences between the conventional and organic oranges at the time of picking, although the organic fruit was marginally smaller and contained 13% more Vitamin C. But in the juice, the team reports that organically grown mandarin oranges produces juice that 

• Is more intensely colored, and has a superior aroma and taste,
• Contains higher levels of all eight minerals studied (in three cases by 50% or more),
• Has a 40% higher concentration of total carotenoids (Vitamin A).

Source: F. Beltran-Gonzalez et al., Effects of agricultural practices on instrumental colour, mineral content, carotenoids composition, and sensory quality of mandarin orange juice, cv. Hernandina, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2008

Organic Management Stabilizes Soil Carbon and Quality

Scientists in New Zealand studied soil carbon dynamics and soil quality in a conventional integrated apple orchard in New Zealand, compared to a nearby organic apple orchard. The integrated system utilized Integrated Pest Management practices, including the application of synthetic pesticides.

They found that conventional management reduces soil carbon in the top 0.3 meter of soil in the tree row, while organic management limited C losses to 0.1 meter and improved soil physical properties and the diversity of soil microbial populations. The research team concluded that soil C management was sustainable in the organic system but not in the integrated system.

Source: M. Deurer et al., A New Method to Quantify the Impact of Soil Carbon Management on Biophysical Soil Properties: The Example of Two Apple Orchard Systems in New Zealand, Journal of Environmental Quality, published online May 1, 2008

More Research Highlights the Health-Promoting Potential of Fruit Juices and Wine

A paper in the April 2008 issue of Molecular Nutrition and Food Research reports that grape juice was more effective than fresh grapes in preventing atherosclerosis in a study involving hamsters fed a high-fat diet.

Widely reported research done at the University of Wisconsin-Madison concluded that far smaller doses of resveratrol than previously thought can help promote heart health. Resveratrol is a key antioxidant in red grapes and wine that is thought to explain part of the health benefits of the Mediterranean diet.

Previously, research suggested that a person would need to consume 100 bottles of red wine to receive enough resveratrol to improve heart health, but the new study confirmed beneficial effects in rats at a human dose level equivalent to about four glasses of red wine per day.

These new findings are expected to accelerate the effort underway in the food industry to produce resveratrol-supplemented foods. Already, several resveratrol dietary supplements are on the market.
Several studies have shown that organic production methods increase resveratrol levels in red grapes and wine by about one-third on average.

Editors Note: Before you rush out and start popping resveratrol pills, remember that all beneficial antioxidants, including resveratrol, become pro-oxidants at high doses, and that in setting safe daily doses, it is important to take into account all other dietary or medicinal sources of antioxidants.

Companies marketing resveratrol pills or other antioxidant-based dietary supplements bear an obligation to educate consumers on this important point. If any readers of The Scoop know of data helpful in establishing the safe range for resveratrol intakes, please pass it along to The Scoop cbenbrook@organic-center.org.

Government Report Highlights Major Changes Ahead in the Wake of Climate Change

The U.S. Climate Change Science Program has put out a major report entitled The Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture, Land Resources, Water Resources, and Biodiversity in the United States. The time horizon covered in the report is the recent past to 2030 to 2050, although some longer-term impacts are considered.

The authors conclude that Ecosystems are likely to be pushed increasingly into altered states with the possible breakdown of traditional species relationships

The report describes a long list of adverse impacts of climate change, and acknowledges that science cannot project how quickly, or how serious the impacts will prove to be, in part because of uncertainty in earths adaptive capacities.

In the chapter on agriculture, the authors foresee greater climate-driven variability in crop yields. Research suggests that there will be a northern migration in weed species, and that the number one herbicide in the U.S., glyphosate (Roundup), will not work as well because of elevated CO2 levels and the spread of resistant weeds.

Disease pressure on many agronomic crops will worsen, while late season forage production will increase in northern areas. Production on livestock farms will be adversely impacted in hot regions as a result of added stress, in the absence of greater attention by farmers and investment in structures designed to keep animals cool.

Heat waves, and droughts, will become more intense, more frequent, and longer lasting.

Access the 342 page report here.

Source: Globalization Raises Food Safety Fears, Says Microbiologist, Food Navigator, June 4, 2008

Pesticide Exposures Linked to a Dramatic Drop in Salmon Stocks

Dilute concentrations of 10 pesticides commonly found in rivers in the U.S. and Canada can disrupt a steelhead trouts or salmons sense of smell, sometimes leading to serious consequences. Low-level pesticide exposures also can reduce the ability of fish to find food, or mates.

This and other recent studies on the impact of pesticides on fish smell and behavior parallel studies in honey bees that show subtle, but consequential, adverse impacts on a bees ability to return to its hive.

Source: Ewen Callaway, NewScientist Environment, June 9, 2008,

and an Increase in Risk of Diabetes
National Institute of Health scientists have found that licensed pesticide applicators face a 20% to 200% higher risk of diabetes and that pesticide exposure is a contributing factor for diabetes, along with obesity, lack of exercise, and family history.

Today, 8.7% of Americans over 20 years of age have diabetes, heightening the need to identify  and address -- additional risk factors.

The link between specific pesticides and diabetes was strong in the case of seven pesticides, out of a total of 50 specific active ingredients studied. The organophosphate insecticide trichlorfon, mostly used on golf courses, increased the risk of diabetes by 2.5 fold. All seven of the pesticides found to cause the greatest increase in diabetes risk are chlorinated compounds, providing the researchers an important clue for future research.

A number of golfing organizations and publications have reported these findings, citing other studies that have reported increased risk of diabetes among people who play golf.

Source: M.P. Montgomery et al., Incident Diabetes and Pesticide Exposure among Licensed Pesticide Applicators: Agricultural Health Study, American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 167, No. 10, March, 2008

Editors Note: Years ago, a prominent Washington D.C. lawyer died soon after a round of golf at the Arlington, Virginia, course where Pentagon and government officials often play. The individual had a habit of licking his golf ball prior to making a critical putt. As the ball rolled over treated grass, it picked up enough residues to deliver a lethal dose to an otherwise healthy adult.

Beneficial Bacteria Help Suppress E. coli O157

Scientists working for the USDAs Agricultural Research Service have shown that beneficial bacteria can out-compete some harmful pathogens, and in the process, suppress the buildup of pathogens, including E. coli O157. This is one of the primary reasons why the promotion of microbial biodiversity on organic farms can reduce food safety risks.

In some cases the pathogen-suppression caused by colonization with beneficial bacteria is linked to a competitive effect  the beneficial bacteria use up energy sources or moisture needed by the pathogen. In other cases, the beneficial bacteria produce chemicals that act like antibiotics in suppressing pathogens.

In the absence of competitive bacteria or other control agents, pathogen populations can grow 100,000-fold higher in a day or two when moisture and temperature conditions are favorable.

Source: ARS News, June 2008

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June 2008 U.N. Emergency Food Summit Produces Little Progress

Heavy news coverage throughout the June 2008 United Nations emergency food summit in Rome highlighted deep-set divisions around the world regarding how to promote sustainable food security for all.

The U.S. seized the moment to promote genetically engineered seeds, while arguing that American biofuels policy accounted for a very small  around 3% -- share of the blame for rising commodity prices. That claim, and the Economic Research Service analysis upon which it is based, did not pass the laugh test at the summit.

The International Monetary Fund projects that biofuels account for 30% of recent price increases.
In a June 9, 2008 editorial entitled Politics and Hunger, the New York Times writes 

at last weeks United Nations food summit, the worlds more-developed nations proved, once again, that domestic politics trumps both humanitarian concerns and sound strategic calculations.

While the media, public, and politicians are currently focused on the run-up in oil and gas prices, we are one major drought or flood or premature freeze away from chaos in food commodity markets.

Source: Tracy Wilkinson, L.A. Times, June 5, 2008 Politics and Hunger, editorial, New York Times, June 9, 2008

Monsanto Announcement Timed to Raise the Profile of GM-Crops at Rome Food Summit

In a remarkable early June press release, Monsanto said it would single-handedly double average global yields for its three major crops  corn, soybeans, and cotton  by 2030, from average yields in year 2000.

In addition, Monsanto claimed it would do so while cutting by one-third the amount of key resources required to grow crops, again by the year 2030.

A soybean breeder at the University of Nebraska, Dr. James Specht, told the New York Times that in the case of Monsantos announcement of a doubling of crop yields 

The hype-to-reality ratio of that one is essentially infinity.

Source: Andrew Pollack, Monsanto Seeks Big Increase in Crop Yields, New York Times, June 5, 2008

Editors Note: The agricultural biotechnology industry has made many promises over the years that it has been unable to deliver on. For the most part, people take the industrys rosy scenario predictions with a grain of salt. After all, unbridled optimism, even if misplaced, never hurt anyone, right?

Wrong. The hype over agricultural biotechnology has played an important role in triggering and sustaining a mammoth shift in the focus of public and private food and agricultural research. The share of research dollars and people trained in molecular genetics and the tools of genetic engineering have gone up dramatically, at the expense of nearly every other scientific discipline and approach to the study and enhancement of farming systems.

The uncritical acceptance of biotech industry hype on Wall Street reshaped and concentrated the global seed industry, shifting power, freedom of choice, and money away from farmers and to a few multinational corporations.

We have placed a dangerously large share of our collective agricultural science eggs in the GE basket and in the decades ahead, the world will reap the consequences. Given the effectiveness of industry spin and the lack of independent assessment of the impacts of todays GE technologies, it is doubtful that we will ever really understand the full range of these consequences.

Biotech hype thrives in todays vacuum of information and insight on the real impacts of Monsanto-style genetic engineering, and erodes the foundation from which consensus might emerge for a new direction in pursuit of food security for all.

Buying Local has Modest Impact on Total Food System Greenhouse Gas Emissions

A study published in Environmental Science and Technology concludes that the production of food accounts for 83% of food system greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), while the delivery of food to consumers accounts for just 4%. The study concludes that food choices have a far greater impact on GHGs than buying all food locally.

In particular, acording to the study, GHG emissions can be dramatically reduced by shifting away from beef and dairy products to fish, chicken or vegetables.

Source: Rachel Ehrenberg, For foods ecological impact, meat means more than miles, Science News, May 24, 2008

Editors Note: Like most studies of this type, the authors of the EST study had to make a variety of assumptions in the course of producing their estimates. One of the important assumptions is that all beef and dairy animals are fed grain-based diets in a feedlot setting where pasture plays little or no role in meeting the animals nutritional needs.

The GHG emissions of a grass-based beef or dairy operation are profoundly different than from farms that depend mostly on grain, concentrates, and harvested forages. A farm that relies on grazing saves significant energy because 

• Crops do not have to be harvested, stored, and then fed to the cows;
• Feed is not shipped long distances;
• Cows tend to produce much longer, reducing the need for replacements and helping make up for the typically lower level of production on grass-based operations; and,
• Grazing animals spread manure out across pastures, sparing the farmer time and energy expenditures.

Moreover, well managed, grazing-based operations sequester substantial quantities of carbon in the soil, while preventing the losses of nitrous oxide triggered by the production and application of nitrogen fertilizers on land growing corn. The advantages of grass-fed beef production and dairy farms are bound to grow more compelling in this era of high-priced grain and oil.

Big Grant Supports Research on Organic Dairy Production

The University of New Hampshire has received a $380,000, three-year grant from USDAs Sustainable Agricultural Research and Education (SARE) program to conduct a study on organic dairy farms as a closed ecosystem. The focus of the project will be on innovative ways to close nutrient and energy cycles on small New England dairy farms. Methane digesters will be explored as one way to meet on farm energy needs.

Preliminary research at the university suggests that the goals of a largely closed organic dairy ecosystem, self-sufficient in terms of energy and crop nutrients, may indeed be feasible.

Court Forces Tyson to End No Antibiotic Marketing Campaign

A federal court put an end to Tysons controversial $16 million campaign to market chickens with a no antibiotic label claim, despite feeding them antimicrobial ionophores. The company has pulled the ads and is replacing the label, while calling for greater consistency from USDA in what it calls an antibiotic and allows on food labels.

Source: The Associated Press, June 3, 2008

Food Imports from Developing Countries Increase Food Safety Challenges

Dr. Michael Doyle, a widely respected microbiologist from the University of Georgia, discussed food safety concerns triggered by the rapid globalization of the food system at a meeting convened by the American Society for Microbiology.

Doyle worries about the ability of food imports to carry pathogens from one continent to another, especially in cases where food is shipped from a place where people and animals have developed a degree of immunity to a pathogen, to places where the pathogen has never or rarely occurs.
According to Doyle 

It is the industry that is responsible for producing safe foods. It is the governments responsibility to verify that they are producing safe foods.

Dr. Doyle also serves as a member of the Earthbound Farm Food Safety Advisory Panel.

Dangerous Strain of MRSA Bacteria Infects People for the First Time

Three patients in Great Britain have become infected with the ST398 strain of MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), a dangerous bacterium previously found only on hog farms in the Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium, and Germany.

A survey by Dutch authorities in 2006 found the strain in 20% of pork products, 21% of chicken samples, and 3% of beef. This strain of MRSA is resistant to a different set of antibiotics, and if not detected quickly, can lead to inappropriate treatment prescriptions.

Experts suspect that the bacteria infected these individuals after eating undercooked, or handling contaminated meat products.

Source: Martin Hickman, Independent.co.uk, June 3, 2008

Minnesota Universities and Agencies Form Unique Partnership

A Memorandum of Understanding was signed by a group of state and federal agencies and the University of Minnesota on May 28th that sets forth a broad-based partnership to promote organic farming.

The signatories have agreed to work together to promote innovation in organic agriculture, expand the acreage devoted to organic production, sponsor an annual statewide conference, and encourage outreach activities within the farm community.

California Senate Ag Committee Passes GMO Legislation Designed to Protect Farmers

Assembly Bill 541 protects farmers from patent infringement lawsuits when GE-pollen or seeds unknowingly blow or find their way onto a farmers land. It also requires companies to get written permission from farmers before taking crop samples of their land to test for the presence of GE-traits. Legislators hope to amend the bill to also address additional liability issues and concerns that are unique to organic farmers.

A surprisingly broad coalition supports passage of the bill, including sustainable agriculture, environmental, and consumer groups, the California Farm Bureau, and the California Cotton Ginners and Growers Association.

Non-allergenic Food Allergy Market Reaches Almost $4 Billion

The estimated 14 million people in the U.S. with food allergies have created a $3.9 billion annual market for foods free of gluten and other allergy-inducing ingredients. The number of children with certain food allergies had doubled in the last decade, and increases in corn and soy allergies continue to rise. Scientists still cannot explain why.

To meet the needs of this growing segment of the population, hundreds of companies are offering over 7,000 non-allergenic products, a number expected to grow steadily.

Source: Annys Shin, Washington Post, June 8, 2008

Organic Options Highlighted in List of Healthy Foods

Cynthia Sass, the nutrition director for the Prevention magazine, has developed a list of flat belly foods that appears in the June 2008 issue.

Twelve of the top 30 must have foods are organic products and include dried fruits, cereals, tomato sauces, nuts, and grain-based snacks.

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Do You Know?

Average global crop yields rose 3% per year in the 1960s and 1970s as a result of the Green Revolution, but are now increasing by just 1% annually.

Problem -- One-half of harvested crops are lost to insects, mold, and rot in parts of Africa.

Solution  Dry, clean, tight storage, and/or rapid processing of food into forms that can be stored and transported with little or no loss of quality.

It takes a little over three weeks for the heart-healthy fat CLA (conjugated linoleic acid) levels to increase over five-fold in cows moved from a Total Mixed Ration containing 50% grain to a pasture-based diet.

Unfortunately, the five-fold increase in CLA levels comes at the expense of a 45% drop in production.

Source: R.C. Khanal, et al., Influence of turning cows out to pasture on fatty acid profile of milk, Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 81, Supplement 1.

Farm workers employed by U.S. companies in Mexico make $10.00 to $14.00 per day, about one-sixth of what their earnings would be in the U.S. working for the same company.

American companies are farming more than 45,000 acres in Mexico, employing 11,000 workers.

Source: Associated Press, U.S. farms outsourcing to Mexico, May 27, 2008

Monsanto owns the seed producing 75% of the tomatoes grown in the United States, plus comparable shares of seed sales for numerous other fruits and vegetables.

Plant biotechnology is nano-technology in action.

Biolistics is the most commonly used method for introducing genes into the cells of bio-engineered plants. In this procedure, the DNA (gene) of interest is coated onto the surface of tungsten or gold nano-particles. These are then shot at the plant cells, carrying the DNA into the cells. A small number of the metal particles make it into the nucleus of the cells, where the DNA dissolves into the nucleoplasm and then (again at low frequency) gets incorporated into the cells own DNA.

Source: June 6, 2006 email from Dr. John Fagan, Genetic-ID

Two-thirds of the steers in a North Dakota feedlot study were found to shed E. coli O157 in their manure, and 14% shedded Salmonella.

Source: Feedstuffs, May 19, 2008

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Creekstone Case Could Undermine Ability to Prove the Benefits of Organic Livestock Products

By: Dr. Charles Benbrook

Creekstone Farms Premium Beef is a small specialty beef producer selling premium Angus products to grocery chains, restaurants, and customers in Europe, Latin America, and Asia. In 2006, Creekstone started to use a Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) rapid test kit to screen slaughter cattle for the presence of BSE at its plant in Arkansas City, Kansas. The company had been told by several overseas customers that such screening would be necessary to continue shipments of product, especially cuts from cattle under 30 months of age.

The company started a testing program, but was blocked by an order from the USDA . Litigation ensued, which has been working its way through the courts over the last two years. The case was argued in May, 2008 before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, and a decision is expected within weeks.

The USDAs only real argument against the use of the BSE test kit by Creekstone is that if Creekstone were to deploy the test kit for this purpose, all other beef manufacturers would be forced to follow suit, and this would increase production costs and reduce the competiveness of the U.S. beef industry.
The Department is asserting that authority granted to it in the Virus-Serum Toxin Act to regulate drugs and technology like test kits extends beyond the treatment of animals and includes market-driven screening programs like Creekstones that play no role in animal treatment.

If the USDA prevails in this argument, it could become very difficult, if not unlawful, for the organic livestock industry to carry out testing programs designed to assure consumers that organic meat, dairy, and poultry products are safe and of high nutritional quality.

Given the need to improve the nutritional quality and safety of all kinds of foods, both in the U.S. and worldwide, it is hard to imagine why the USDA is working so hard to block a private company from using a proven test methodology in response to requests from overseas customers. An increase in public and private sector testing for pesticides, bacteria, mycotoxins, animal diseases, and adulteration seems like a logical response given evidence that the globalization of the food supply is increasing old, and creating new food safety challenges.

But the USDA seems inclined to block or mute attempts to differentiate food based on methods of production, use of biotechnology, nutritional quality and food safety. This policy threatens to undermine the long-term ability of farmers and food companies to enhance food quality and safety through innovative production systems and products that meet legitimate consumer demands.

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Trip Report - Biodynamic Farm Serves as Model for Sustainability, Preserving Seed Heritage

The Organic Centers managing director Steve Hoffman and development director Seleyn DeYarus recently visited Finca Luna Nueva in Costa Rica. Luna Nueva, owned by dietary supplement maker New Chapter, is a 200-acre biodynamic farm producing primarily ginger and turmeric. It serves both as a model farm for sustainability and an eco-tourist destination offering lodging, meals made of organic foods fresh from the farm, a spring-fed swimming pool and walking paths through native forests and the farm. Luna Nuevas farm manager Steve Farrell shared that the goal of the farm is to maintain harmony between the wild spaces that are interspersed with the cultivated areas and to serve as a model for sustainable rainforest farming. According to Farrell, The principle of biodynamic agriculture is to work in tandem with the seamless cooperative flow between all components of natural systems such as the mycelium in the soil that assists in growing turmeric to grazing goats that help clear fields. The farm also established a Sacred Seed Sanctuary, a project designed to preserve endangered medicinal herbs native to the rainforest and from around the world. One of the objectives of the Sanctuary is to establish other preserves in a variety of locations worldwide. To learn more about Luna Nueva, visit http://www.newchapter.com/page/our-farm-a-world-model or http://fincalunanuevalodge.com.

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Core Truths on the Major Benefits of Organic Food and Farming

Core Truths is a ground breaking compilation of the most current research on organic agriculture. This highly readable and graphically stunning 108-page coffee table book documents the verifiable health and environmental benefits of organic products

Core Truths includes fascinating research about why:

• Organic often tastes better
• Organic produce contains, on average, 30 percent higher levels of antioxidants
• Organic farming can cut mycotoxin risk by over 50 percent
• Organic food dramatically reduces pesticide exposure
• Organic farms typically use less energy

Order your copy now! Only $30 (plus $5 shipping and handling in US).
Click here for a preview of the book.
Click here to order.

Donate $100 Now! Receive Free Copy of Core Truths

Be a part of supporting vital research about the science behind organic. Make a gift of $100 to The Organic Center now, and we'll send you a free, hard-cover copy of our ground-breaking book, Core Truths (a $35 value.)

Email Seleyn DeYarus for details.

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The Organic Center's on-line fundraising program - Become a Friend of The Organic Center

We can now accept secure on-line donations with both yearly and monthly giving options. We also have wonderful gifts to say thank you for your support  including a free one-year subscription to Organic Gardening magazine, organic t-shirt, organic tote bag, our book, Core Truths and Dr. Alan Greene's new book, Raising Baby Green. We have many ways to say thank you for supporting our work.
For more information

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Our Research 
Individuals can support the scientific work of The Organic Center by:

• Sharing new information, data, or "Hot Science," email our Chief Scientist
• Helping us identify scientists that can contribute to our work, email Chuck Benbrook
• Making a contribution, click here

Companies, foundations, or individuals can support work by The Organic Center on a critical issue, or in a specific area through our donor directed research program. Contact Dr. Benbrook for details.

Our Outreach and Communication Program 
Informed consumers drive the organic marketplace. Help The Organic Center reach consumers with the latest science on the organic benefit by:

• Join Mission Organic 2010 as an individual
• Distributing or reprinting excerpts from our studies
• Making a donation to our communications program

For companies, The Organic Center's Mission Organic Affinity Marketing Partnership Program provides resources and tools to help educate your customers about the personal benefits of organic food and farming. Become part of an effort to grow the U.S. market for organic from 3 percent to 10 percent by 2010.

• For more information about our affinity marketing program, email Seleyn DeYarus
• Learn more about the health and environmental impacts of Mission Organic 2010

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"The Scoop," is an electronic newsletter published monthly by The Organic Center. For a free subscription, visit www.organic-center.org.

© 2008, The Organic Center. All rights reserved. Permission for reproduction of these materials for educational purposes will be granted by contacting The Organic Center at info@organic-center.org.

Editor: Chuck Benbrook, Ph.D., Chief Scientist, The Organic Center
Design : Karen Lutz Benbrook
Circulation: Matthue DeYarus

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Backed by the world's leading scientists, physicians and scholars, The Organic Center is committed to two goals.

1) RESEARCH: providing free, peer-reviewed, credible science that explores the health and environmental benefits of organic agriculture.

2) EDUCATION: helping people and organizations access and better understand science that sheds light on the organic benefit.

To access free downloads of the latest in organic science, or to Join the Mission, go to: www.organic-center.org.

Managing Director: Steven Hoffman
Development Director: Seleyn DeYarus

TOC Board Chair: Alan Greene, co-founder DrGreene.com
Chair Elect: Michelle Goolsby, Executive Vice President, Development, Sustainability and Corporate Affairs, Dean Foods Corporation
Treasurer: Mark Retzloff, President, Aurora Organic Dairy
Secretary: Katherine DiMatteo, Senior Associate, Wolf, DiMatteo & Associates

The Organic Center
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